Vitalik Buterin divulges the largest remaining challenge in Ethereum

While the concept of stealth addresses appears complex in theory, Buterin previously described it as a “low tech approach” compared to other Ethereum privacy solutions.

虽然隐身地址的概念在理论上看起来很复杂，但 buterin 此前将其描述为与其他以太坊隐私解决方案相比的“低技术方法”。

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Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has shared a possible solution to what he describes as the “largest remaining challenge” on Ethereum — privacy.

以太坊联合创始人 vitalik buterin 分享了一个可能的解决方案，以解决他所说的以太坊上“最大的剩余挑战”——隐私。

In a blog post on Jan. 20, Buterin acknowledged the need to come up with a privacy solution because by default, all information that goes onto a “public blockchain” is public too.

在 1 月 20 日的博客文章中，buterin 承认需要提出隐私解决方案，因为默认情况下，所有进入“公共区块链”的信息也是公开的。

He then arrived at the concept of “stealth addresses” — which he said can potentially anonymize peer-to-peer transactions, nonfungible token (NFT) transfers, and Ethereum Name Service (ENS) registrations, protecting users.

然后他提出了“隐形地址”的概念——他说这可能会使点对点交易、不可替代令牌 (nft) 传输和以太坊名称服务 (ens) 注册匿名化，从而保护用户。

— vitalik.eth (@VitalikButerin) January 20, 2023

- vitalik.eth (@vitalikbuterin) 2023 年 1 月 20 日

In the blog post, Buterin explained how on-chain transactions can be carried out between two parties with anonymity.

在博文中，buterin 解释了如何在两方之间匿名进行链上交易。

Firstly, a user looking to receive assets will generate and keep a “spending key” which is then used to generate a stealth meta-address.

首先，希望接收资产的用户将生成并保存一个“支出密钥”，然后使用该密钥生成一个隐形元地址。

This address — which can be registered on ENS — is then passed onto the sender who can perform a cryptographic computation on the meta-address to generate a stealth address, which belongs to the receiver.

这个地址——可以在 ens 上注册——然后被传递给发送者，发送者可以对元地址执行加密计算以生成一个属于接收者的隐形地址。

The sender can then transfer assets to the receiver's stealth address in addition to publishing a temporary key to confirm that the stealth address belongs to the receiver.

然后，发送方可以将资产转移到接收方的隐身地址，此外还可以发布临时密钥以确认隐身地址属于接收方。

The effect of this is that a new stealth address is generated for each new transaction.

这样做的效果是为每个新交易生成一个新的隐身地址。

Buterin noted that a “Diffie-Hellman key exchange” in addition to a “key blinding mechanism” would need to be implemented to ensure that the link between the stealth address and the user's meta-address can't be seen publicly.

buterin 指出，除了“密钥盲化机制”之外，还需要实施“diffie-hellman 密钥交换”，以确保隐身地址与用户元地址之间的链接不会被公开。

The Ethereum co-founder added that ZK-SNARKs — a cryptographic-proof technology with built-in privacy features — could transfer funds to pay transaction fees.

这位以太坊联合创始人补充说，zk-snarks——一种具有内置隐私功能的加密技术——可以转移资金来支付交易费用。

However Buterin emphasized that this may lead to problems of its own — at least for the short term — stating “this costs a lot of gas, an extra hundreds of thousands of gas just for a single transfer.”

然而，buterin 强调这可能会导致其自身的问题——至少在短期内是这样——并指出“这会花费大量的 gas，单次传输就要额外花费数十万 gas。”

Stealth addresses have long been touted as a solution to address on-chain privacy issues, which have been worked on since as early as 2014. However very few solutions have been brought to market thus far.

长期以来，隐形地址一直被吹捧为解决链上隐私问题的解决方案，早在 2014 年就开始致力于解决这一问题。然而，迄今为止，很少有解决方案推向市场。

It also isnt the first time Buterin has discussed the concept of stealth addresses in Ethereum.

这也不是 buterin 第一次讨论以太坊中隐身地址的概念。

In August 2022, he dubbed stealth addresses as a “low-tech approach” to anonymously transfer ownership of ERC-721 tokens — otherwise known as NFTs.

2022 年 8 月，他将隐身地址称为匿名转移 erc-721 代币（也称为 nft）所有权的“低技术方法”。

The Ethereum co-founder explained that the stealth address concept proposed offers privacy differently to that of the now U.S. Office of Foreign Asset Control (OFAC)-sanctioned Tornado Cash:

以太坊联合创始人解释说，所提出的隐身地址概念提供的隐私不同于现在美国外国资产控制办公室 (ofac) 批准的 tornado cash：

“Tornado Cash can hide transfers of mainstream fungible assets such as ETH or major ERC20s [...] but it's very weak at adding privacy to transfers of obscure ERC20s, and it cannot add privacy to NFT transfers at all.”

“tornado cash 可以隐藏主流可替代资产的转移，例如 eth 或主要的 erc20s [...] 但它在为不知名的 erc20s 转移增加隐私方面非常薄弱，它根本无法为 nft 转移增加隐私。”

Buterin offered some advice to Web3 projects that are developing a solution:

buterin 为正在开发解决方案的 web3 项目提供了一些建议：

Basic stealth addresses can be implemented fairly quickly today, and could be a significant boost to practical user privacy on Ethereum.

基本的隐形地址今天可以相当快地实施，并且可以显着提高以太坊上的实际用户隐私。

“They do require some work on the wallet side to support them. That said, it is my view that wallets should start moving toward a more natively multi-address model [...] for other privacy-related reasons as well,” he adde

“他们确实需要在钱包方面做一些工作来支持他们。也就是说，我认为钱包应该开始转向更原生的多地址模型 [...] 出于其他与隐私相关的原因，”他添加

Buterin suggested that stealth addresses may introduce “longer-term usability concerns,” such as social recovery issues. However, he is confident the problems can be properly addressed over the long-term:

buterin 建议隐身地址可能会引入“长期可用性问题”，例如社会恢复问题。不过，他相信这些问题可以长期得到妥善解决：

“In the longer term, these problems can be solved, but the stealth address ecosystem of the long term is looking like one that would really heavily depend on zero-knowledge proofs,” he explained.

“从长远来看，这些问题是可以解决的，但从长远来看，隐秘地址生态系统看起来就像一个真正严重依赖零知识证明的生态系统，”他解释道。